External Combustion
Steam reciprocating, Stirling, and hot-air engines — a fundamentally different thermodynamic cycle from internal combustion.
Safety — Read First
Boiler & pressure-vessel work is licensed professional work. This section covers steam, Stirling, and hot-air engines for understanding and reference only.
- Never attempt DIY repair, welding, modification, or recertification of a boiler or pressure vessel.
- Working pressure, hydrostatic test pressure, and safety valve lift pressure are safety-critical — tampering is dangerous and illegal in most jurisdictions.
- Always inspect to the certified interval and use a licensed professional for any repair.
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